The Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99) : Supra-cultural Diplomatic Norms and Practices of Peacemaking at the End of the Seventeenth Century /

This book delivers the first comprehensive analysis of the Peace Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99), challenging traditional Eurocentric views on early modern diplomacy. It demonstrates that peacemaking norms and practices were largely ‘supra-cultural’—transcending cultural and religious divides across...

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Supra-cultural Diplomatic Norms and Practices of Peacemaking at the End of the Seventeenth Century
Acknowledgments -- List of Figures and Tables -- Abbreviations -- Notes on Transliteration, Names, Dates, Translation and Specific Terminology -- Introduction -- 1 Early Modern Peace Congresses: a Widespread, Supracultural Phenomenon -- 2 A Western/Central European Apanage -- 3 The Carlowitz Congress Historiographic State-of-the-Art -- 4 Challenging Eurocentrism -- 5 Confronting Cultural Essentialism, Provincialising Westphalia and Demythologising Carlowitz -- 6 Approaching an Early Modern Congress: a Methodological Guide -- 7 ‘The Carlowitz Congress Theatre of Peace’: the Libretto -- Prelude -- 1 Alexandros Mavrocordatos -- 2 The Failed Vienna Congress and the Concept of the ‘Honourable Peace’ -- 3 War and Peace in the 1690s -- Act I The Preliminaries (Late December 1697–Early October 1698) -- Dramatis Personae -- Narration Part I: Embarking on the Road to Peace -- 1 The First Steps -- 2 A Mini Interlude: the Concept of Uti Possidetis -- 3 The Play Resumes -- Narration Part II: a Mistrust Caused by Distance -- Narration Part III: Laying Down the Foundation of Peace -- 1 First Scene: Adrianople -- 2 Second Scene: Vienna -- 3 Third Scene: Following Peter I’s ‘Grand Embassy’ -- 4 Fourth Scene: Adrianople -- 5 Fifth Scene: Warsaw -- 6 Sixth Scene: Vienna -- Interlude I: Mediation -- 1 Mediation, Arbitration, Bons Offices -- 2 The Evolution and Proliferation of Peacemaking by Mediation in the Seventeenth Century -- 3 Mediators and Mediating Undertakings during the Sixteen Years’ War -- 4 Smooth the Negotiation but Do Not Intervene in It? The (Fluid) Position and Duties of a Mediator -- 5 Efforts to Win Over the Mediators and Complaints of Their ‘Partisanship’ -- 6 An Impartial Peace-Maker: the Self-Fashioning of a Mediator -- 7 The Tangible Material and Symbolic Benefits of a Mediator -- 8 The Various Types of Mediation at the Carlowitz Congress -- Narration Part IV: on the Way to the Congress -- 1 Quarrels among the Mediators -- 2 The Ottoman Response to the Imperial-Venetian Instrument of the Foundation of Peace -- 3 The Tsar in Vienna and the Developments in the Allied Camp -- 4 Searching in the Archives -- 5 The Final French ‘Mediation Gambit’ -- 6 Apprehension on the Ottoman Side: Prevarications in Vienna -- 7 The Arrangement of the Final Details -- Act II The Congress Begins (October–Middle November 1698) -- Dramatis Personae -- Narration Part I: the Arrival of the Delegations -- 1 ‘We Have Gathered Here in the Plain of Carlowitz’ -- 2 ‘All Is Quiet around Carlowitz’ -- 3 The First Ceremonial Visits -- 4 The Exchange of the Plenipotentiaries’ Credentials -- 5 The Drafting of the Congress Regulation -- Interlude II: the Ceremonial -- 1 What Is the Ceremonial -- 2 Terminology -- 3 Ceremonial Regulations in Seventeenth-Century Peace Congresses Prior to Carlowitz -- 4 The Pioneering Ceremonial Ordering of the Carlowitz Congress -- 5 The Carlowitz Participants’ Hierarchical Conception of the ‘Society of Polities’ -- 6 Status Projection Instances and Means -- 7 The (Disputed) Ceremonial Equality of the Principal Members of an Embassy -- 8 The Ceremonial Forms Retained during the Talks -- 9 The Ceremonial of the Signing of the Instruments of the Peace Treaties -- 10 The Farewell Visits -- 11 Ceremonial Strife during the Congress: a Short Prelude -- 12 ‘Worse than a Fight of Cats and Mice’: the Fierce Muscovite–Commonwealth Ceremonial Dispute -- 13 The ‘Tents Incident’ No. 2 -- 14 Who Is to Sit First at the Table with the Ottomans? -- 15 ‘Faked’ Ceremonial Disputes? -- Narration Part II: the Arcana Congressus -- 1 The Secret Negotiations between Voznitsyn and the Ottoman Delegation -- 2 Polish Secret Dealings -- 3 Venetian Anxieties -- 4 Count Marsigli’s Moves -- 5 And the Mediators … -- 6 The Spy -- Interlude III: Being a Plenipotentiary Ambassador -- 1 Clarifying the Terms -- 2 Portraits of the Carlowitz Plenipotentiaries -- 3 The Supra-cultural Traits of an Ambassador -- 4 Crash-Courses for Newly Appointed Plenipotentiaries -- 5 The Various Social Roles of an Early Modern Ambassador -- 6 Striving for Partaking in the Glory of Peace -- 7 More and Less Innocent ‘Gifts’ -- 8 The Daily Routine and Obligations of a Plenipotentiary Ambassador -- 9 Ambassadorial Self-Portrayal -- 10 How Plenipotentiary Was a Plenipotentiary? -- Act III The Central Phase of the Congress (13 November– 20 December 1698) -- Dramatis Personae -- Narration Part I: Sur la manière de négocier entre les plénipotentiaires -- 1 How to Set About the Congress Negotiations and in Which Mode to Pursue Them? -- 2 The Fate of Transylvania Is Sealed -- At the Negotiating Table I: Territorial Claims, Possession and Border Making -- 1 The Territorial Aspirations of the Participants of the Carlowitz Congress -- 2 ‘Uti Possidetis Sequel’: the Congress Playing Out -- 3 Who Possesses What? -- 4 Borders: Some Preliminary Thoughts -- 5 The Terms -- 6 ‘Natural’ and Artificial Boundaries -- 7 Border-Making Tools -- 8 No-Man’s Land and the Issue of Fortresses -- 9 Controlling the Borderlands -- 10 A ‘Closing’ of the Frontier? -- At the Negotiating Table II: Smaller South-Eastern European Polities as Discussion Topics during the Congress -- 1 Ragusan Manoeuvrings -- 2 What Is to Be Done with the Tatars? -- Interlude IV: the Physical and Social Environment of the Congress -- 1 The Practical Choice of the Plain of Carlowitz -- 2 Transforming the ‘Wilderness’ -- 3 A Multicultural Social Environment -- 4 The Congress’s ‘Public Opinion’ -- 5 Instances of Ensemble Social Interaction -- 6 The ‘Other’ -- Narration Part II: Peace Is Ostensibly Drawing Near … at Least for Most -- 1 The Imperials -- 2 Venice -- 3 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- 4 Muscovy -- 5 New Rapproachments in the Allied Camp -- 6 The Ottomans -- Interlude V: the Composition of an Embassy -- 1 ‘The More the Better’: the General Structure and Size of a Congress Embassy -- 2 Family Members -- 3 Noblemen -- 4 The Secretary -- 5 Interpreters -- 6 Special Advisers -- 7 Physicians and Priests -- 8 Postmen, Cooks, Provisioners, Hajduks, Servants and Others -- Narration Part III: Meanwhile in Vienna … -- 1 ‘You Take It, or You Leave It’ -- 2 Francesco Loredano at the Imperial Court -- Act IV The Grand Finale (20 December 1698–5 February 1699) -- Dramatis Personae -- Narration Part I: ‘The Ultimate Great Obstacle for Peace’ -- 1 Setting the Stage for the Final Act -- 2 The Unsuccessful Restart of the Ottoman–Venetian Talks -- At the Negotiating Table III: Peace or Truce/Armistice? The Duration of the Treaties -- 1 Religion: the ‘X Factor’? -- 2 Terminology -- 3 Temporal Validity of the Agreements -- 4 Which Type of Agreement to Pick? -- Narration Part II: the Deadline -- 1 Ruzzini Remains Firm: the Imperials Actively Intervene -- 2 Voznitsyn’s Moves -- 3 Apprehension at the Imperial Court -- 4 Time Is Running Out -- Narration Part III: the Finale -- 1 Reconciliation in Public Display: the Signing Ceremonies -- 2 When Is Peace Considered Concluded? -- 3 The Last Days of the Congress -- Conclusions -- Archival Material -- Published Sources -- Bibliography -- Webpages -- Index.
1. Verfasser:
Poulios, Konstantinos
Format:
Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:
Englisch
Französisch
Veröffentlicht:
Leiden ; Boston : Brill | Nijhoff, 2026.
Ausgabe:
1st ed.
Zusammenfassung:
This book delivers the first comprehensive analysis of the Peace Congress of Carlowitz (1698/99), challenging traditional Eurocentric views on early modern diplomacy. It demonstrates that peacemaking norms and practices were largely ‘supra-cultural’—transcending cultural and religious divides across Europe and the Ottoman Empire. Carlowitz emerges as a significant multi-religious congress that introduced pioneering practices, particularly in ceremonial regulations. By confronting cultural essentialism, provincialising the Westphalian congress-model paradigm, and demythologising Carlowitz as a decisive political turning point—notably marking the adoption of a Western European-style diplomacy by cultural ‘outliers’ such as the Ottoman Empire and Muscovy—this study offers fresh insights into the complexity and polycentric nature of early modern multilateral diplomacy.
Umfang:
1 online resource (518 pages)
Anmerkungen:
English and French
Bibliografie:
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN:
90-04-45849-2
9789004458499
Schlagworte:
Sremski Karlovci, Peace of, 1699
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